The geometry of a fold.

Notes and sources

The folding here is exact, not animated by hand. Each facet stays a rigid plane in every frame, and the tests check that for every pattern. The paper has zero thickness and collisions between layers are not modelled, so real paper stops a little sooner.

The geometry

The history

Reading the printed pattern

Blue dash-dot lines are mountains and fold away from you. Red dashed lines are valleys and fold toward you. Thin paper and a ruler help. Pre-crease every line before you try to collapse the sheet.